NATCO Brand

NATCO is an acronym for the initial†s National Confectionery Co. It is a very popular brand name in England, which tries to satisfy the needs of the Asian community it is often mistaken that NATCO is the name of the company; but this is not true. NATCO is only a brand name for an international trading company, a specialist in Indian foods, -T. Choitram & Sons. T. Choitram & sons is the largest chain of supermarkets in the U.A.E., a confectionery manufacturer, a wholesaler, a cash &carry operator, and the manufacturer and packer of more than 250 products marketed and distributed in the UK under the NATCO brand. Some of the other brands of the company are Papa – lentil and spices, Leone – tea, Koto – medicated products, Family – tissues, NATCO – sweet and biscuits. NATCO was their first and is their main brand, and NATCO sells more than any other of their brands does. This is why we also have emphasized more on the NATCO brand in our report. NATCO is called the lucky brand for the company, as they believe that this brand has led to them towards success. Topics, which will be discussed in the report, are the management structure, their company history, manufacturing process and facilities, inventory control, quality control, just in time and forecasting. The helpful staff of NATCO kindly provided this information. T.Choitram although an Indian migrated to West Africa in 1942. At the age of 17, he began his enderpreneurial career by selling seeds fruits magazines. He was a man who was always motivated with the dream to be a very successful businessman. He saw his future in the food industry and so he began his own supermarket and named it after himself. As years passed by he gained tremendous success and due to this he launched a brand name i.e. NATCO for his trading company in the year of 1968. In London, T. Choitram & sons, a packaging firm has been in the competitive market of packaging and distributing foodstuff, spices, and confectionery for over 40 years. The owner of company has come a long way from a small grocery store in Sierre Lonne to one of the biggest distributor of foodstuff in London. With his unique managerial style he succeeded in bringing up his trading company to be one of the best in the world. T. Choithram & sons is located at Wembley. The factory and warehouse together under one roof occupies around 25,000-sq. ft. in area. NATCO has employed over 150 skilled and unskilled labor, and has a staff of around 50 people, which adds up to a total of 200 people employed at NATCO. NATCOs team of highly experienced buyers is regularly traveling the Four Corners of the globe to source the best quality crop for export to their Wembley factory to be packed under the NATCO label. They guarantee premium products at the best price, ensuring that NATCO is excellent Value of money. The NATCO brand was first launched in the UK in the early 60s, catering to the needs of the Asian communities. The extensive product range includes Spices, Lentils, Beans, Flours, Nuts, Dried Fruits, Basmati Rice, Canned Products, Butter Gee, Betel Nuts, Pappadums and much more. NATCO brand today is known for its superior quality standards. NATCO products are exported through a network of distributors to U.S.A, Canada, European Community, Middle East, and West Africa and they are continuing to develop these export markets. Papa is the other brand name for NATCO. T. Choithram and sons came up with this other brand name because in many countries, government regulations allow only one agent for a brand for the whole country. This limits the sales in those countries. To increase the sales in these countries they planned to have more distributors. They could not introduce Papa into the other countries as a brand of T. Choithram as it would be an illegal activity. To legalize it they came up with a plan, which would help them to sell the Papa brand in the countries where NATCO already exists and it would not be illegal at the same time. They established a new company Orient Foods. Papa is a brand name for this new company and sold in outside market, which helps NATCO compete with other similar product. This move has helped the company as its sales have increased in foreign markets. The mission statement for NATCO is we shall strive to produce the very best product and materials available, when and where they are wanted and at a price that represents good value at every stage of the trading process, from the harvest to the shelf, to the factory to the home. The organization of NATCO is based mainly on the three function called Finance, Marketing, and Operations. Each of these functions has its own managers or directors. Finance is the lifeblood of commerce and industry. The finance department of NATCO has the responsibility of ensuring that enough funds are available for the smooth operations of the organization. Mr. R.D.Rajwani, the managing director of the company, also commented on the finance department that it is concerned with budgeting activities of the other departments. He also mentioned that this department also operates the cost and budgeting control system by gathering and analyzing cost and other financial data, before the redistribution of information in the form of performance report. Mr.Rajwani also talked about the other activities dealt with this department, such as handling accounts of income and expenditure, payment of wages, pricing decision, etc. It also involves the function of banking. Banking involves depositing cash, withdrawal of cash, taking loans, discounting of bills. Marketing function of NATCO comprises of number of sub-function such as publicity and advertising, sales promotion, samples and coupons, fairs and exhibitions, public relations, distribution and marketing resources. It is the function of the marketing department to advertise and price the product. The marketing department closely works with operation and production department, so that the changes could be administered from time to time as per the result of market research. The sub-functions under marketing are very essential for the business. They sub functions are explained as follows: — 1) Publicity and Advertising– Advertising has become an indispensable function in the modern business due to the competition and mass production. Publicity brings forth production to the knowledge of the consumer and helps both in creating and maintaining demand for the goods produced. It persuades people to buy goods and services again and again. It helps to create regular demand by smoothening out seasonal and other fluctuations. Without publicity, goods may not be taken note of and in the absence of demand; production of those goods may have to be stopped. It creates a good image of the company and reputation of the products. It adds to the goodwill of the enterprise. 2) Sales Promotion- Sales promotion includes all those activities, which are directed towards the promotion of sales such as organizing publicity, introductory sales. It also includes personal as well as innovative selling. Though the ultimate aim of sales is to increase sales and profit, but it is different from advertising and personal selling in approach and technique. 3) Samples and Coupons- Distribution of free samples of smaller size of the product is an effective device of sales promotion, especially to introduce a new product. Samples may be widely distributed or given only to selected customers. Customers can test the product before purchase. Premium or prizes may be given to the buyer on the purchase of some specific product e.g. one Lux toilet soap for the purchase of an economy pack of Surf. In some cases coupons are issued to prospective buyers through newspapers. Sometimes clearance sales, off-season sales, reduction. 4) Public Relations- Public relations aim at securing favorable opinion and good of the public towards the enterprise. A business enterprise price must build up a good image of its own to have better sales. It must maintain cordial relations with the clients and always look after their welfare. It must go on informing the public about the improvement in packing, the quality or the new uses of the products and influence their decision to buy the product. It must give prompt attention to their suggestions and to the redressal of their complaints. It must take note of the bias or the special prejudices of the customers and try to win over their support. 5) Fairs and Exhibitions- Business enterprises always like to participate in fairs and exhibitions to promote their sales. Some of them organize their own exhibitions of their own products. Fairs and exhibitions are held on local, regional or international level. Trade Fair Authority of India organizes various exhibitions of different kinds at various places in the country. This department of NATCO consists of all the activities concerned with the production of food and services. The operation function is dependent on the finance side for its financial needs and on the marketing department for further research and development of the products. The operation function of NATCO is concerned with transformation of various inputs into desired outputs. Manufacturing organization is usually beuracratic in structure. The word beurocratic is not used despairingly but rather in true sense, which implies division of labor into bureaus or departments. The organization structure of NATCO is a typical pyramid type structure, each post at one level subordinate to a post at a higher level. After our visit to the company we observed that each person is responsible to only one-person level, which is a sign of an organized company. The division of labor in the company allowed the advantage of specialization to be obtained. To be precise, each person had specific and often unique task to perform. As seen in most of manufacturing firms, the labor force is divided into skilled and unskilled labor, NATCO also has this kind of mix. The labor strength existing in the company is around 150 of whom the majority is skilled. The staff employed at NATCO is about 50, which add up to 200 people working for the company.

The Village

The Village Essay The film ‘The Village' by M Night Shaman, looks at a series of images which form the basis for portraying and shaping the story. M Night uses subtle symbols throughout the film resulting In the audience making up their own mind about certain events that take place. Using color as a main centre piece for the film is an effective way of communicating to the audience visually. The powerful imagery is another tool in which engages and speaks to the audience allowing them to interpret the film as they will.This essay will examine the way in which these Images and humbly get the message across without the use of excessive dialogue. It will also look at what the Images and symbols actually represent. Color Is an Important symbol throughout the film. The symbolic colors that are used are yellow and red. The auteur links two simple primary colors to represent the communities perceptions of good and evil. The elders create the Illusion that the red color attracts the mo nsters and the color yellow is the safe color which protects them from any danger.This gives the film a strong visual element. These two colors are bright as seen throughout the film and all other colors appear dull adding a greater emphasis to the colors red and yellow. This shows us that M Night does not rely on verbal conversation to bring about the symbols. The red flower is an indication of this, When we see the two girls sweeping and they see the flower they quickly bury the bad color in the ground. This also happens when Noah, who doesn't really understand the concept of color, picks the red berries from the woods putting them in his pocket.Later on Noah then offers the berries and places them in Ivy hand, she does not understand at first, obviously due to the fact that she is blind, until Luscious warns her. [â€Å"Oh. Berries! What a splendid present! † â€Å"Be cautious. You are holding the bad color. † â€Å"This color attracts those we don't speak of, you must bury It. You ought not pick that color berry anymore. † Ivy, Luscious This confirms that M Night is using the colors as a powerful symbol alerting viewers to the fact that colors are symbolic and represent the difference between good and evil.An Important Image to examine In the film Is when a monster has been spotted within the villages boundaries, Ivy is waiting for Luscious outside on the porch, Ivy holds UT her hand whilst in the background we can see a faint monster appearing from the darkness. This conveys to the audience the trusting nature of Ivy, she places an enormous amount of trust on Luscious hoping that he will be there. This also represents an element of bravery because the audience knows that the monster, at any moment, could come and attack her.However, we know that lb' Is not like other women from the village, she is not affected from her blindness. Instead she uses her other senses like sound and touch to compensate for It. [â€Å"Are you not angry you have OFF This shows us that Ivy does view the village differently when compared with the others in the community, however can still see the world, Just in a different light. She places trust in the hands of her friends and family to guide her. Symbolism occurs regularly throughout the film, M Night uses many symbols to illustrate not only his ideas but the storyline as well.The black boxes which are placed in the houses of the elders all contain secrets from their past. This symbolisms that The Village is essentially made up on a lie because all the elders have hidden secrets that they want to protect so they can keep the community safe from the outside world and all the violence in it. Luscious Hunt quickly catches on to the idea that there are secrets within The Village and knows that they are contained in the black boxes. [â€Å"There are secrets in every corner of this village, do you not feel it?Do you not see it? † Luscious Hunt 23:54-24:04] Once again M Night is addin g a visual element to the story thus creating the black boxes into a symbol for secrets. Another symbolic element to this film is the rocking chairs which are positioned on the front arch at every house. The rocking chairs represent strength in hard times, strength of the human spirit, whenever the characters of the village are feeling weak or anxious they will go and sit in the chair gathering strength which will then help them face the issues they have. â€Å"The moment I heard my daughters vision had finally failed her and that she would forever be blind I was sitting in that very chair† Edward Walker This confirms that the village characters draw strength through the use of the chair which now alerts the audience to the fact that the chairs present strength. The boundaries which surrounds the village are also symbolic. The boundaries represent the protection that the elders enforce to keep the village innocent.The elders are trying to protect the community from the violen ce and crime that takes place in the outside world, or so they would have you believe. U have kindness in your voice, I did not expect that. † 1:34:46-1 :34:53] This shows the audience that the outside world is far different from how the elders have concluded it to be, Ivy was surprised that the man was kind because she had been raised to live that the towns were full of hatred and crime.This film is heavily based on images and symbolism resulting in not as much need for an in depth narrative. M Night tends not to convey the story by using plain dialogue but instead uses strong images and symbols to get the point across in a visual sense. Color is the main symbol used in the film, using colors to represent good and bad gets the viewers to think and make assumptions based on certain colors. He also uses powerful images to convey scenes without any dialogue however still manages to get the message across.

Human Biology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Biology - Coursework Example When it comes to the number of chromosomes, the number of nucleus is still the same in mitosis but meiosis contains a haploid number of chromosomes. There is also no exchange of DNA between chromosomes in mitosis while in meiosis, there is at least one cross-over. Transcription is simply a process where genetic information from DNA is transcribed into RNA.This process is important especially when producing proteins.DNA proteins cannot be directly changed into proteins that is why translation to RNA is important. Darwin popularized the theory of evolution and process of natural selection where only the fittest specie would survive. Some animals have evolved and changed their physical features in order to survive the environment. Lamarck on the other hand is known for the Theory of Inherited Characteristics. He said that the off springs of animals would be the one to manifest adaptation to the environment as passed to them by their parents. There are four critical elements namely: variation, inheritance, High rate of population growth, and differential survival and reproduction. A fine example would be the some bacteria increasing resistance to drugs in order to survive. In Eukaryota we have mushrooms and other fungi. Eubacteria includes streptococci which cause strep throat infections and other disease causing bacteria. Helpful bacteria like yogurt is also an example. Archae are only found in environments where there are no oxygen present. There are several traits of primates that makes them different, namely : they feed their young with milk, give birth to live babies, warm-blooded, color vision and have a complicated social organization. Ecology is the discipline that deals with studying the relationships of organisms to one another as well as their surroundings. Ecosystem is the biological environment that contains all the living organisms. Example of an ecological set-up is a lake where fishes and other living things

Personal Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Value - Essay Example In the light of these two classifications regarding personal values, I consider my family to be the most prior entity in my life on which all of my personal values are based upon. My personal values and its association with my family will be explicated in this paper. I belong to a Vietnamese background where following parents’ order is one of the most important value. My parents have shaped my whole personality and fundamental education in which the development of my personal values is a significant part. As these two factors have played an immensely sufficient role in the development of personality, my whole life has been led in concordance with the decisions and desires of my parents. All of the values which are my priorities are being transferred to me by my parents. It is certainly critical for many individuals to consider is as independence or liberty, but it has never displeased or dissatisfied me because they have never suggested anything which can pose grave consequenc es for me. It is mainly because of their experience of practical life which is certainly more than my experience. As much as I have examined their teachings with a critical frame of mind, I have explored that they have always intended to give the society amorally good and valuable individual in the form of their daughter. In this regard, my most important personal value has become caring for others. They have taught me to be a selfless person that has illuminated some other important personal values that are honesty and forgiveness. These personal values are directly associated with my parents which is the reason why I consider myself to be a family person. In addition to these significant values, my religious teachings, that is Buddhism, which was also delivered in me by the parents, has added the value of kindness in my life. I believe in karma, that is why I intend to be a good person in order to lead a good life. In the light of personal values and my intense level of belongingn ess with my family, I try to lead a selfless, caring and helping life and to satisfy my family to the best that I am capable of delivering. This is the major goal of my life which has been developed by the upbringing which I have acquired from my parents. There is another significant personal value which I appreciate mainly because of my parents. This value is education. My parents have always suggested for me to acquire higher education. As I always follow my parents, I acquired education and by the education I have understood the importance of education to lead a good life. It has developed my intellectual capacity to a significant level from where I can fruitfully consider the difference between good and evil. Education has also assisted me to realize the significance of my personal values which have been intensified and has become more demonstrable in my behavior. The intention of my parents to provide a useful and valuable person to the society was contained with the necessity of education which has developed it as a personal value to admire. Education does not only help to understand the critical distinction between good and evil, but it is also a significant tool to acquire economic development. Financial development is one of the most important factors of contemporary life by which

Communication Skills in the Construction Industry Assignment

Communication Skills in the Construction Industry - Assignment Example This paper shall likewise recommend that individual sites be treated as a separate business unit managed by a Project Manager. Site Managers or Project Managers should report directly to the project delivery Director to ensure that accountability and deliverables for each project are monitored more effectively. The changes shall also ensure that reporting lines and administrative responsibilities are delineated and established that will clear any ambiguities amongst the personnel at the construction site. A detailed task list on a per module basis during construction phases will make it possible to report a more accurate construction status. This strategy will also enable the project management group to monitor usage of materials and wastage. The foreman will report materials usage, completion status, and manpower consumption. Being informed of the exact construction status on a more regular basis, client expectation will be easier to manage. Determining the critical path will enable any site manager to determine the exact time for construction materials to be delivered. This will lessen the cost of warehousing and materials storage. Heavy equipment use will also be predictable which will lessen the rental cost and parking cost. As a predicate, the construction operation is normally conducted in this manner—during Fridays, foremen are mandated to report the status of the section they are supposed to complete for the week. On Saturdays, based on the report given by the foremen, a verification team inspects the completion stage or the status of each of the work order. On Sundays, the project leaders compare the completed work orders base on the project plan of the building. Base on the completion status, delivery of materials and heavy equipment rentals for the work order that is scheduled to be completed for the week are then reserved for the following week. If there is some misunderstanding with regards to the expectation and the work orders completed, r evision as well as the new instructions, the architects and engineers are called to provide more detailed instruction on the Monday-morning foreman’s meeting.

Discuss Hamlet as a revenge tragedy Research Paper

Discuss Hamlet as a revenge tragedy - Research Paper Example Thesis statement: The basic elements of the play Hamlet proves its importance as a revenge tragedy (special references to the elements of revenge tragedy like revenge, ghost, hero’s hesitation, madness, capable villains, philosophical content, horror and suicide/murder) Hamlet as a revenge tragedy As pointed out, the basic elements of revenge tragedy are applicable to the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. The basic elements of revenge tragedy like revenge, ghost, hero’s hesitation, madness, capable villains, philosophical content, horror and suicide/murder are discussed under. A. Revenge: One can see that revenge is the most important element of the play. Within this context, Hamlet’s revenge is to be considered as most important because his aim was to regain the lost honor of his father. At the same time revenge leads him towards his ultimate doom at the end of the play. Rebecca W. Bushnell points out that the basic quality of a revenge tragedy is the protagon ist’s inability to understand his own self or the outside world (68). From a different angle of view, Hamlet’s revenge can be evaluated as his attempt to escape from mental and emotional trauma originating from his personal feeling/fear of losing his mother. In short, revenge is the main component of the play which entraps the protagonist (Hamlet) and his enemies. B. Ghost: The basic element of revenge tragedy consists of the presence of a ghost, which curtails the deeds of the protagonist and acts the role of a motivation to take revenge. Within the context of Hamlet the play, King Hamlet’s ghost acts the role of the ghost who deeply influences prince Hamlet to take revenge of his father’s untimely death and the following incidents. The ghost encourages Hamlet by pointing out that â€Å"So art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear† (16). One can easily identify that the ghost’s inspiration forces Hamlet to be suspicious about his uncle†™s and mother’s roles in the conspiracy against his father. But he hesitates to believe in ghost and tries to ignore. Gradually, the ghost forces his son to destroy his enemies and to regain the throne. In short, the presence of ghost, similar to the other revenge plays, ignites fury in the mind of the protagonist and forces him to take revenge of his father’s death. C. Hero’s hesitation Like other revenge tragedy heroes, Hamlet did not believe in ghosts. When his father’s ghost tried to influence him, he did not believe in him and hesitated to act against his enemies. Later, his friend forced him to act according to the will of the ghost and to act against his enemies. Paul Arthur Cantor opines that Oedipus complex hindered Hamlet from his actions (21). The hero’s hesitation can be evaluated from different levels. For instance, he was not sure about the presence of his father as the ghost. Later, he did miss more than one attempt to kill his unc le. This hesitation caused more troubles in his life because he accidentally killed a counselor who was so close to his uncle. This hesitation ultimately led him towards his doom in the end. D. Madness Madness, whether acted or real is one of the most important elements of revenge tragedies. When this element is superimposed to the context of the play Hamlet, one can easily identify that Hamlet’s madness was not real. For instance, Hamlet acted himself as a mad person because he wanted to know more about the deeds of his enemies. He was aware of

Essay 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

5 - Essay Example In other words, they wanted to fulfill their feudal obligations. There were strong connections between the social necessity of violence and papal reforms, as well as the exploitation of this revivalistic imagination of the Papacy age. Even though the Crusades failed to attain permanent control of the Holy Land, their influence was both wide and deep. In their crusading fervor, they carried out succesful fights against the Muslims in Spain along with the pagan Slavs in the eastern Europe. In some instances they engaged in the war with infidels in self-defense (Prevità ©-Orton 282). As cited by Esposito (335), in 1095, the destruction of the Holy Sepulchure by the Fatmid caliph al-Hakim sparked the initial Crusade. Majority of the Christians viewed al-Hakim as an Antichrist. In the same way, Prevità ©-Orton (282) notes that the Holy Sepulcher was the holiest shrine in Christianity. Another motivation for the Crusade was the Byzantine’s Emperor Alexius I plea for assistance. Most of the Byzantine Empire had been conquered by the Constantinople together with Seljuk Turks. The Christians engaged in the war because Jerusalem, Jesus’ birthplace was also at threat. They wanted to regain the occupied territories (Madden 10). Lastly, the Crusades also had economic motives. They were responsible for the reopening of the eastern Mediterranean to Western commerce. This resulted in the emergence of great cities like Venice in addition to the emergence of a money economy in the

Growing of the Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Growing of the Business - Essay Example You should then summarise, in a short paragraph, which parts of the business you need to strengthen. Madhu’s, an Indian restaurant, as well as the catering and ready meal businesses owned by Sanjay Anand, is a relatively successful organization that makes ?5m sales. However, as the external environment of the company is changing, it is facing some challenges. In particular, while the sales are stable, the profit has decreased to ?300,000, down from ?500,000 in the previous year. Therefore, it is necessary to determine which aspects of organizational functioning can be improved in order to improve performance. A SWOT analysis of the human resource management, accounting and finance, and marketing functions of the company should be conducted for this purpose. Human resource management Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Most of Madhu’s chefs are professionals in cooking traditional Indian meals. They are brought from India and taught additional skills, such as, for instance, hygiene standards. New British immigration laws do not allow Sanjay to hire people from India. There is no strategy for finding non-Indian chefs. It is possible to hire Europeans and then teach them. This requires organizing special courses. It might be problematic to find people willing to train new employees. In addition, training unskilled people will call for additional expenditures. Other aspects of business operations may suffer. So, it is clearly seen that the hiring strategy of the company is not efficient under the new conditions of the external environment. The new legislation requires Madhu’s to introduce new strategies and tactics for finding, recruiting and training employees. The company should reconsider its whole mode of operations in order to determine how to implement new strategies at the lowest cost and with the greatest advantage. Accounting and finance Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Much attention is devoted to financial position o f the company, performance is evaluated regularly. The owner is not willing to risk and increase prices as the external conditions change. Financial resources are limited. Cut spending for some aspects of operations in order to finance new activities. Reduced financing of some company’s functions may negatively impact the overall performance. Since Madhu’s has limited financial resources to be invested into business development, it might be reasonable to consider some alternative sources of financing. Additional capital can be received from banks or external investors, for instance. Marketing Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats The company has a number of loyal and returning customers, as well as good reputation in the market. The products are well-positioned and reasonably priced. Promotional campaigns for catering services target mostly weddings, thus not covering other groups of potential customers. As an option, distributing Madhu’s ready meals in sup ermarkets will allow to strengthen the brand and make it more recognizable by the clients. If not designed correctly, marketing programs for the new services will, while call for expenditures, bring low results, forcing the company to withdraw the promoted service or product from the market. Though the brand is well-established and quite recognizable, it is possible to increase sales by means of providing alternative services and products to other customer groups. Diversification might be a good alternative that will help to cover wider audience and strengthen the brand, thus making even corporate clients, such as supermarkets, for instance, willing to cooperate with Madhu’

Value, satisfaction and behavioural intentions in an adventure tourism Essay

Value, satisfaction and behavioural intentions in an adventure tourism context - Essay Example The purpose of this review is to evaluateWilliam and Soutar’s research paper, â€Å"Value, Satisfaction and Behavioural Intentions in an Adventure Tourism Context† published in an Elsevier Journal in 2009, from an utilitarian perspective and therefore to assess their investigations’ contribution to the ongoing research on adventure tourism. Further this review will critically evaluate the validity and eligibility, in particular, of their research. In this regard, especially the literature review, method and analysis sections will be assesses and evaluated critically in search of any anomalies misinterpretations on the researchers’ side that might affect their findings. In their article, Williams and Soutar have investigated into the impacts of the adventure tourists’ value and satisfaction on the consumers’ consumption, decision-making and future intentions for the product of adventure tourism. In William and Soutar’s own words, the st udy is â€Å"an attempt to answer some of these questions and used a recognized services marketing framework to examine the relationships between adventure tourists’ perceptions of value, satisfaction and future intentions† (414). Though William and Soutar’s exploration into the interrelations between the adventure â€Å"tourists’ perceptions of value, satisfaction and future intentions† in both theoretical and practical frameworks from a â€Å"Multidimensional Perspective of Customer Value† perspective is not any novel exploration into the adventure tourism from the consumers’ perspective... The major trend of the scholars’ researches on adventure tourism remains focused on the achievement of the consumers’ attention through quality of service. But the consumers’ value as well as their perception of adventure tourism has remained unexplored. Referring to scholars like Baker and Crompton (2000), Botterill and Crompton (1996), Jayanti and Ghosh (1996) and others, William and Soutar contend that a significant number of studies on the â€Å"intangibility, dynamism and subjectivity† of the tourists’ consumptions as well as on the â€Å"functional, objective and tangible components† of consumerism in a tourist destination have been led by the researchers in the past years, there is a â€Å"lack of understanding about the nature of these experiences or their relationship with marketing constructs, such as service quality, customer value or satisfaction† (415). Being inspired by this research gap, William and Soutar attempt to pro vide his readers with a deeper insight into the behavioural nature of a tourist’s intention and choice for adventure tourism. For this research, William and Soutar mainly depended on the quantitative analysis of the data converted into numeric values. The collected the consumer value, satisfaction and intentions related data from on-spot adventure tourists who traveled â€Å"on four-wheel drive adventure tours to the Pinnacles in Western Australia† (419). They especially put emphasis on the particular functional and objective features, of the adventure tourist spot, such as the spatial and durational length of the tours, geophysical nature of the spot, safety and security, insurance for

Pfizer - puffery or deception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Pfizer - puffery or deception - Essay Example In order to avoid such as situation, Pfizer should use someone in the advertisement who is a practicing physician. The reason for this is so that their advertisement can be authenticated. 2. A likeable public figure should be used in Pfizer’s advertising campaign because this person will be well-known and satisfactory to the people interested in purchasing the product. It would be an added advantage if the person in the advertisement had a personal association with it and is not just collecting their pay check. The type of advertising used should avoid the use of puffery and spend more time on the evidence behind the drug Liptor. 3. A company crosses the line between puffery and outright deception when it tries to proclaim something without facts. Pfizer needs to be honest about the strengths and weaknesses so that their customers can make an informed decision before purchasing the

The requirements of the user were to convert Essay Example for Free

The requirements of the user were to convert Essay Introduction This document will outline all the major tasks and subtasks involved in the Unit 2 part of the three-unit course. Requirements The requirements of the user were to convert a paper based system of booking to an electronic booking system through my vast knowledge of ICT. This involved creating a logo, an invoice, the actual booking system and a set of two mail merge letters. The Logo The logo was one of the first assignments that we did and was one of the easiest for me. The main problem that I encountered was that it was hard for me to think of a design for my logo. It took me a while, but I eventually got my head around it. The strengths were that it was easy for me to replicate it but for some it was a lot harder because the designs were too intricate for them to replicate on the computer and had to use the electronic white board (Smart Board). If I did this again I would use Paint Shop Pro 7 for it would have looked a lot more professional. The Invoice The invoice was a lot harder for some and it would have been easier for me to use a less complex design. The invoice itself was easy to plan out but not to create. During the creation on the invoice, I actually forgot how to create a macro by using the control toolbox, so I spent some time scripting the macros. This was easy, for I do a lot of level, map and character scripts for a game that I have created. Then I realised how to do a macro and I started to use the control toolbar again and got the macros done a lot faster. If I did this again, I would have used the control toolbox instead of the forms toolbox and record my own macros instead of scripting them. The strength of this part was using MS Excel to create this invoice. The weakness was my mind, for forgetting how to generate the macros. The Booking System This was the longest and the most tedious task of all, and was created using MS Access (A database construction program). First, I created the three tables and a relationship between the tables. The next item that required undertaking was the queries. They were created with ease and were to be used in the manufacture of the forms and reports. The switchboard was next; this was easy to create for the reason that it was mainly consisted of macros and a . gif image. The strength was the speed in which I created it, the weakness was the close program macro, which did not close the program down, but merely closed the switchboard. If I did this again, I would have taken my time and checked over everything instead of testing it once and just leaving it. Mail Merge Letters The mail merge letters were quite easy. It just involved creating a set of 2 letters, which had space for merge fields. These merge fields allow the program to place certain pieces of information into the document. These documents were to be merged with the database to create an amount of letters the number of which is defined by the amount of clients with similar pieces of data. The strength was the software, which was easily implemented with the section of the program that handled the merge. The weakness was the amount of time the merge fields took to input into the document.

The Effective Leadership Of Adolf Hitler

The Effective Leadership Of Adolf Hitler From 1939 to 1945 the world was involved in a war that would change history. It is safe to say that World War Two was one of the most prominent wars throughout history. Many of the worlds powerful countries were involved. The Allies fought together to defeat an evil dictator. The Big Three included the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. Other countries were involved but these three countries were credited for liberating the Jews. Germany was not a powerful country when Hitler decided to take control. The Nazis claimed they rescued the country from becoming absolute chaos. The Allies, who included the Big Three, and Axis Powers, who were Germany, Italy, and Japan battled generally in Eastern Europe. What is impressive is that a miniscule country was able to annex many parts of Europe. After six treacherous years, Germany was finally defeated. During World War Two, Germany was under the control of Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was born in 1889, in Austria and took over Germany in 1933. He dropped out of school to become an artist but soon figured out it wasnt a fit career, eventually leading him to rule Germany. He had a specific vision for the future of Germany and it did not include Jews. He believed the Aryans were the pure race and should not integrate with other races. Not only was he anti-Semitic, he detested homosexuals, blacks, handicapped, and gypsies. His vision was to destroy the parasites of Germany by vastly executing them. Hitler was great leader because he deceived world leaders, used Aryan youth to his advantage, and took absolute control of mass media. It is said that World War Two could have been completely avoided if the Allies did not appease Hitler. Neville Chamberlin, who was appointed Prime Minister of Britain, felt appeasement was an urgent necessity and he followed this policy with a single-minded determination lacking in any of his predecessors (Wistrich, 98). An agreement was signed in the early morning of 30 September under the terms of which the Germans were to occupy the Sudetenland between 1 and 10 October. Britain believed that money should not be spent on war, but on social welfare programs benefiting the country. Since the Prime Minister of Britain felt it was necessary to appease and avoid any confrontation, other countries followed his lead. Although Chamberlain believed that the United States were isolationists, and did not like the Soviet Union, he felt they would support him with the decisions he made with Germany and Italy (Buchanan, 65). Hitler would not have gained the power that he did if the countries con fronted him when they had the opportunity. Chamberlain felt that Hitler and Mussolini were at heart equally practical men with whom it was possible to negotiate in good faith (Granatstein, 234). Hitler took advantage of the Prime Ministers ignorance. Chamberlain and the rest of the world would soon discover the degree of immorality Mussolini and Hitler had possessed. The world was blindsided with the discovery that Hitler was persecuting Jews in Germany. It is obvious that leaders around the world knew about the suffering in Germany, but not to the certain extent that they later discovered. Photographs of mass graves and mass murder, smuggled out under the most dangerous of circumstances, were also classified as secret. (Darity) Is it possible that the Allies were unaware? Â  Ignorance is the excuse they will use forever. The fact that Hitler kept the suffering of his country a secret was part of his master plan. Even Benito Mussolini who was the leader of Italy, and working very closely with Germany did not understand the extent Hitler took the Holocaust. The Allies were too busy fighting the war to remember that minorities in Germany were suffering the consequence of being different. The mass murders of approximately six million Jews were overlooked for six years. The United States were so unaware about the situation in Germany that even American corporations were working with the Axis Powers. An American company named International Business Machines or IBM was founded in 1911. When Hitler decided to start persecuting Jews, he needed an immediate way to organize them. A massive and complex task that Hitler wanted done could they be targeted for efficient asset confiscation, ghettoization, deportation, enslaved labor, and, ultimately, annihilation (Black, 117). Since computers did not exist at the time, Hitler used IBMs Hollerith punch card technology. There is no way to be certain that if corporations were fully aware of the situation in Germany, that they would still provide their services to the Axis Powers. However, if corporations knew that the mass murders of millions of people depended on their punch cards, it would have been less likely for them to do business with Germany. Nevertheless, it is true that if IBM did not supply the Nazis with their Hollerith punch card technology, they would have potentially saved hundreds of thousands of lives. The technology basically made it faster to record and organized Jews. If the Nazis were to record and organize Jews manually, the process of exterminating the Jews would have taken longer, implicating more lives would have been saved. Hitler discovered it was becoming very simple to manipulate the world as well as his own country. Easily influenced children were something Hitler was determined to take advantage of. The idea of using children in politics was an intelligent scheme. His motive behind using children was both for cultural and political reasons. Culturally, using children was more effective because they would already have racism instilled into their brains and they would have the ability to teach their own children for generations to come. Children are far more likely to follow directions and are effortlessly brainwashed. Hitler had been quoted saying, Youre child belongs to us already, in a short time they will know nothing else but this short community (Duke). By choosing children of a very young age, one could see the easy manipulation tactics the Nazis had used. Children are influenced easily and will do what theyre told. Hitler always emphasized the child belonged to the country and no longer belonged to the parent. He wanted the new generation to follow his ideals of the perfect world. The most useful strategy Hitler used was the Adolf Hitler schools. The schools provided Aryan children to learn without any outside distractions. After Aryan high school children graduated, they would go to a college called Ordensburgen. The main objectives of these colleges were to focus on physical education as well as political education (Mazower, 113). The physical education was significant because they would soon join the army. The political education was in order for the children to learn about their enemies. Gaining knowledge on their enemies allowed for Aryans to gradually despise Allies and Jews. Not only did Hitler separate Aryans into different schools, the curriculum also changed. Schools were teaching subjects like German history but spent more time embedding ideas of nationalism and militarism (Vincent, 345). Schools also put more emphasis on gender roles and race science. The reason for this was to implant racist ideas into a childs head, forcing them to have hatred to wards other races. The Aryan race became the elite and was required to destroy any other race. Hitler informed Aryans that they were the privileged race, allowing them to depend on him in their time of need. The only way Hitler could posses control was if he gained trust from the Germans. Germany was in the middle of a depression. That was the perfect opportunity for Hitler to take advantage of the nation. Nazis claimed they saved Germany from the depression, especially reducing unemployment rates (Wright). When Nazis told the nation that they liberated the country from experiencing more pain from the depression and embarrassment, Germany was easier to manipulate. Since Germany lost World War One, they were forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles and pay ridiculous amounts of money for damages. The country was very deprived because of debts and also a world depression. He used the depression and suffering of the Germans as a way for them to have confidence in his racist ideas. Once they had faith that Hitler was able to have the country obey him without question. He needed an outlet to express his xenophobic views. The most effective way to control your nation is controlling mass media. The two most important forms of propaganda were the radio and the press. Both were successfully controlled by the Nazis. When the Nazis first came into power, one of their first duties was to replace all radio and press employees with ones that believed in Nazi ideology (Duke). The important decision was made in order for Germany to understand the message. Hitlers obvious message was conformity. He believed that the Aryans were the pure race, and they should think very similarly. The problems with conformity were the Jews. Since Hitler detested them, he needed an immediate way to exterminate them. Hitler used many strategies to hold them responsible for Germanys financial situation. With replacing many of the media staff workers Hitler showed the significance of the Nazi ideology and consequence of not following it. One of the strongest points of the Nazi ideology was that they were utterly opposed to social and economic equality towards women. (Darity) Media workers and feminists who had different opinions on how the country should be run did not have a voice anymore. With the media now being very one-sided it created turmoil between Jews and Aryans. The success of the Nazis controlling media was a significant component to the suffering the Jews encountered during the Holocaust. Increasing propaganda posters and radio advertisements changed German perspective on Jews. Once seen as contributing members of society, turned into enemies of Germany. Hitler forced Germans to view his anti-Semitic philosophy. He used Jews as a scapegoat as the reason to why Germany was in distress. By using propaganda he vilified Jews and made Germany believe Jews were to blame for all the stressful issues they was faced with. Although anti-Semitic views existed in the past, Hitler used nationalism as inspiration to betray Jews (Cook). Not only did the Nazis use propaganda, they used pieces of art, literature, music, and cinema. When dictating which art pieces could be displayed to the public, he understood that the citizens paid attention to any form of media and would be influenced by discriminatory art. Besides controlling media, the Nazis were controlling culture as well. They banned over 20,000 books during the burning of the books to promote German values. All degenerate art was destroyed. Books that were destroyed included liberal, left-wing, pacifist or Jewish elements (Todd, 210). Aryans were becoming very accustomed to being the privileged few. Hitlers reign proved to be very successful while he was in power because his many accomplishments. The techniques Hitler used which included manipulation of world leaders and controlling youth and media were evidence that he was a substantial leader. By looking at how he gained power and maintained it for many years, one would see he clearly instilled fear in his country. Although his scheme may have been unethical, Hitler changed the perspective on a whole race. He gained the trust of the whole nation and they were willing to sacrifice their innocent children and betray neighbours. He skillfully persuaded his country to follow him blindly into war. Although Germany lost World War Two, and millions of deaths were documented from all of the countries involved in the war, Hitler will be recorded in history not only for his immoral actions but also for his ability to gain and maintain power while his people followed adoringly.

Statistics Essay: Interpreting Social Data

Statistics Essay: Interpreting Social Data Interpreting Social Data The British Household Panel Survey of 1991 measured many opinions, among otherthings, of the UK population. One of the questions asked was whether thehusband should be the primary breadwinner in the household, while the wifestayed at home. Answers to the questions were provided on an ordinal scale,progressing in five ordinances from Strongly disagree to Strongly agree.Results for each ordinance were recorded from male respondents and femalerespondents. Of survey respondents, 96.75, or N = 5325.162 answered thisquestion of a total survey population of N = 5500.829. 3.2%, or N = 175.667 ofsurvey respondents did not answer the question. In lay terms, this meansapproximately 97% of the survey respondents answered the question, while 3% didnot. The study presents ordinal ranking, or ranking in a qualitative manner, of fivesets of concordant pairs of variables: the male and female count for those whostrongly agree the husband be the primary earner while the wife stays at home,the male and female count for those who agree, the male and female count forthose who are neutral, the male and female count for those who disagree, andthe male and female count for those who strongly disagree. The sexcross-tabulation presents numeric data for responses for each of the tenvariables, arranged in five variable pairs with male and female responses foreach variable pair. Data is presented in terms of number of responses for eachof the ten variables. The counts or number of responses for each variable aredependent variables in the data analysis. We know they are dependentvariables because first, they are presented on the y-axis in the chartgraphically representing the data. Dependent variables are graphicallyrepresented on the y-axis, with independent variables presented on the x-axis.Causally it becomes more difficult to distinguish between dependent andindependent variables at first glance. Dependent variables usually change as aresult of independent variables. For example, if one were studying the effectof a certain medication on blood sugar in diabetics, the independent variablewould be the amount of medication given to the patient. In a test group orcohort of patients, each would be given a set dosage and their blood sugarresponses recorded. One patient may respond with a blood sugar reading of 110when given 20mg of medicine. Another day the patient, again given 20mg ofmedicine, may respond with a blood sugar reading of 240. The amount ofmedicine provided to the patient is fixed, or the independent variable. Theresponse of the patient is variable, and believed to be influenced by, ordependent on, the amount of medicine provided. The dependent variable wouldtherefore be the responding blood sugar reading in each patient. In this survey, independent variables are the fivechoices of answers available to the survey takers. These five possibleresponses are presented to each survey respondent, just as the medicine isprovided to the patient in the example above. The respondent then chooses hisor her reply to the five possible answers, or chooses not to answer thequestion at all. The amount of those choosing not to answer at all, 3.2%, isconsidered statistically irrelevant in the analysis of this data. Data relatedto non-response is not considered from either an independent variable ordependent variable standpoint. The amount of responses or response count for a givenindependent variable in the survey is a dependent variable. The response countwill change, at least slightly, from survey to survey. This could be a due tochange in survey size, response rate or number of those choosing to respond tothe statement, or possible minor fluctuation in percentage response for thefive answer possibilities. Although the statistical results of the responsesshould be similar, given a large enough and representative sample for eachsurvey attempt, some variance is likely to occur. The independent dependentvariable relationship in the Husband should earn, wife should stay at homeanalysis is trickier to get ones mind around than the medical example givenabove. In the medical example, it is easy to grasp how a medicine could affectblood sugar, and the resulting cause-effect relationship. In this survey, thecreation of five answer groups causes the respondents to categorise theiropinion into one of the groups, a much more difficult mental construction thanmore straightforward cause-result examples. Fourexamples of dependent variables in these statistics are the number of men whoagreed with the statement (525), the number of women who agreed with thestatement (520), the number of men who disagreed with the statement (688), andthe number of women who disagreed with the statement (997). As describedabove, we know these are dependent variables because they are caused by theindependent variables, the five ordinal answer groups, in the survey. Overall,empirical data for the results is skewed towards the Disagree / Stronglydisagree end of the survey. Three of the independent variables are ofparticular note. Strongly agree is the lowest response for both men and women,with Disagree being the highest response for both men and women althoughaccording to Gaussian predictions the Not agree/disagree variable should have thehighest distribution. Inlay terms, the graphical representation of each of the five possible answersshould have looked like a bell-shaped curve. The two independent variables oneach end of the chart, Strongly agree and Strongly disagree, should have had alow but approximately equal response. The middle independent variable on thechart, Not agree / disagree, should have been the largest response. Thisshould have produced dependent variables of approximately 935 each for both menand women for the Not agree / disagree variable. Instead, the response for menwas 586, or 63% of typical distribution of answers. The response for women was702, or 75% of the typically distributed answers. The mean, or average, of allresponses in this survey is 1065.2, with the mean or average of male responsesbeing 464.6 and the mean or average of female responses being 600.6. Were theresponses distributed evenly amongst all five possible answers, these would bethe anticipated response counts. Inexamining this data, a hypothesis can be put forth that the correlation betweenthe counts on two of the answer possibilities (two of the dependent variables)will be some value other than zero, at least in the population represented bythe survey respondents. This hypothesis can be tested using the ordinalsymmetric measures produced in the data analysis. As Pilcher describes, whendata on two ordinal variables are grouped and given in categorical order, wewant to determine whether or not the relative positions of categories on twoscales go together (1990, 98). Three ordinal symmetric measures, Kendallstau-b, Kendalls tau-c, and Gamma, were therefore calculated to determine ifthe order of categories on the amount of agreement to the question would helpto predict the order of categories on the count or amount of those selectingeach ordinal category. The most appropriate measures of association toevaluate this hypothesis are the two Kendalls tau measures. The Kendall tau-cmeasure allows for tie correction not considered in the Kendall tau-b measure.The results of these measures, value .083 and .102 with approximate Tbof 6.75 indicate there is neither a perfect positive or perfect negativecorrelation between variables. Results do indicate a low level of predictionand approximation of sampling distribution. The correlation between two of thedependent variables is indeed a value other than zero, proving the hypothesiscorrect. Three nominal symmetric measures were also calculated.These showed weak relationship between category and count variables, with avalue of only .096 for Phi, Cramers V, and Contingency Coefficient. Thesewere not used in testing the above hypothesis. Atheory of distribution, Chebyshevs theorem states that the standard of deviationwill be increased when data is spread out, and smaller when data is compacted.While the data may or may not present according to the empirical rule(bell-shaped), Chebyshevs theorem contends that defined percentages of thedata will always be within a certain number of standard deviations from themean (Pilcher 1990). Inthis example, data is compressed into five possible answer variables. The datadoes not present according to the empirical rule, but is skewed towards thedisagreement end of the variable scale. However, Chebyshevs theorem doesapply relating to the distribution of data according to standard deviation fromthe mean for nine of the ten dependent variables. The response count of womenwho Disagree with the statement the Husband should earn, the wife stay at home,was proportionately larger than would be indicated along normal distribution.While the response count for men is also statistically high, it is not beyondthe predictions of Chebyshevs theorem. If the survey had been conducted withfewer independent variables, say three ordinances instead of five, theresulting data would be more tightly compacted. If the survey had beenconducted with ten ordinances, the data would have been more spread out. REFERENCES Pilcher, D., 1990. Data Analysis forthe Helping Professions. Sage Publications, London.

John Steinbeck :: essays research papers

â€Å"John Steinbeck†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Steinbeck is one of many American literature writers, but he is one of a kind in his work. Steinbeck went through many troubles to get his work where it is now. What would you do if publishers rejected your whole short story collection? Many people would quit right there, but now john Steinbeck. He moved past that and wrote many successful collections and books. John Steinbeck was born February 27, 1902 in Salinas, California. When he started out, he attended Salinas High School, followed by Stanford University. Throughout his life he moved to New York in New York City. After a short time there he moved back to California after his short story collection was rejected by the publisher in New York. He then received a job at a remote Lake Tahoe resort. In 1930, he married the first of his three wives, Carol Henning, and moved to Pacific Grove, California. In 1943, married Gwen Longer and had two kids. In 1929, he met Ed Ricketts, who would turn out to be his best friends. Ed died in 1948, which left Steinbeck very upset and lost. Steinbeck died on December 20, 1968 in New York City. Of his accomplishments, he received a Book of the Month selection for Of Mice and Men. He also received a Nobel Prize in Literature in 1968. Some of his work is now in San Jose State University.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first story that I read was Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Turtle.† In this story, a turtle starts off trying to make his way up onto a highway, in doing this he realizes he is not big enough to climb up onto it. He eventually uses all the strength in him and makes it up onto it. Once on there a big truck comes and runs the turtle off the highway. This forces the turtle to start the whole process once again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next story is â€Å"The Flood.† In this story, it starts off in a nice little town where not much happens. After awhile, a storm starts in and begins to take out this town. The town eventually gets flooded badly, leaving many dead and injured. Once the storm ends, the once nice town is left in a wreck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final story would be Steinbecks â€Å" The Pearl of La Paz.† In this story, a man comes into the worn of La Paz with a so called magic pearl that would let him do anything that he wanted. John Steinbeck :: essays research papers â€Å"John Steinbeck†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Steinbeck is one of many American literature writers, but he is one of a kind in his work. Steinbeck went through many troubles to get his work where it is now. What would you do if publishers rejected your whole short story collection? Many people would quit right there, but now john Steinbeck. He moved past that and wrote many successful collections and books. John Steinbeck was born February 27, 1902 in Salinas, California. When he started out, he attended Salinas High School, followed by Stanford University. Throughout his life he moved to New York in New York City. After a short time there he moved back to California after his short story collection was rejected by the publisher in New York. He then received a job at a remote Lake Tahoe resort. In 1930, he married the first of his three wives, Carol Henning, and moved to Pacific Grove, California. In 1943, married Gwen Longer and had two kids. In 1929, he met Ed Ricketts, who would turn out to be his best friends. Ed died in 1948, which left Steinbeck very upset and lost. Steinbeck died on December 20, 1968 in New York City. Of his accomplishments, he received a Book of the Month selection for Of Mice and Men. He also received a Nobel Prize in Literature in 1968. Some of his work is now in San Jose State University.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first story that I read was Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Turtle.† In this story, a turtle starts off trying to make his way up onto a highway, in doing this he realizes he is not big enough to climb up onto it. He eventually uses all the strength in him and makes it up onto it. Once on there a big truck comes and runs the turtle off the highway. This forces the turtle to start the whole process once again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next story is â€Å"The Flood.† In this story, it starts off in a nice little town where not much happens. After awhile, a storm starts in and begins to take out this town. The town eventually gets flooded badly, leaving many dead and injured. Once the storm ends, the once nice town is left in a wreck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final story would be Steinbecks â€Å" The Pearl of La Paz.† In this story, a man comes into the worn of La Paz with a so called magic pearl that would let him do anything that he wanted.

Bell Jar summary :: essays papers

Bell Jar summary Many have paralleled Sylvia Plath’s novel, The Bell Jar, to her very own life. Plath is known for her tormented life of constant depression and disappointments, causing her to end her life early at the young age of 30. The time frame in which the book is in matches the times when she is enlisted in many mental institutes and ultimately her suicide. The story of Esther Greenwood also tells the feelings and emotions of Sylvia Plath. Other characters in the novel are said to be in relation to characters in the author’s life. The novel begins where Esther is just about halfway through her job as Mademoiselle, a fashion magazine. She and many other girls received this opportunity because of their exceptional writing abilities. Even though this she had waited for this chance for a year, she is actually disappointed because she had expected more from the other prizewinners. â€Å"These girls looked awfully bored to me. I saw them on the roof yawning and painting their nails and trying to keep their Bermuda tans, and they seemed bored as hell... Girls like that make me sick.† (Pg. 4) A couple other unfortunate events also led her to be depressed at her stay in the hotel. At a dinner gathering, Esther ate a lot of crabmeat that happened to be poisoned. She passes out and awakes in her room. Her recovery is slow and agonizing. Another social event causes yet again another mishap. Doreen, Esther best friend there, sets Esther up with a friend of Doreen’s boyfriend to go to a party. There, the bli nd date attempts to sexually assault, but Esther resists and walks away with her dignity. After returning to the hotel, Esther takes no care of the assault and just carries on. Later, she finds out that her on and off boyfriend, Buddy Willard, is actually not a virgin. â€Å"At first I thought he must have slept with the waitress only that once, but when I asked how many times, just to make sure, he said he couldn’t remember but a couple of times a week for the rest for the summer.† Knowing this, she thought it to be okay if she were to have an affair also. On a date with Constantin, he invites her to his room, but to her dismay, nothing happens.

Essay --

Jakob Wenman Lab 7: Yeast Metabolism BIOL 1220 Section: 001 3/11/14 TA: Paul Williamsâ€Æ' Introduction: Yeasts are able to convert carbon sources, like sugars, into ethanol, without air. Yeasts also change sugars into carbon dioxide and water, when air is present (Leady. 2014). When cellular respiration requires oxygen, it is known as aerobic cellular respiration (Leady. 2014). Carbon counts are important because they give the number of carbons in monosaccharide molecules. Glucose has a carbon count of six. Fructose has a carbon count of six. Sucrose has a carbon count of twelve (Leady. 2014). Question: Which form of yeast will produce the highest amount of gas? Hypothesis: Yeast metabolizes simple carbohydrates than it does complex carbohydrates. Prediction: I predict that Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose will produce more gas than Starch. Methods: The methods used for this lab came from Leady, B. (2014) Fundamentals of Life Science Lab Manual. Toledo, Ohio: University of Toledo. No changes were made. Results: At the end of the 30 minute time period, the starch solution ...

Canadian Immigration Policies Essay

Do Canadian immigration policies align with Canadian values while responding to current issues surrounding immigration? Factors that influence Canadian immigration policies: One of the factors that influence Canadian immigration policies the most is the economy. When a province is in need of people to fill certain jobs but there are not enough in Canada, they will make sure and find a certain percent of immigrants that can fill those job offerings. This is a process called the Provincial Nomination Act. A factor that also plays a part in the economic influences is that Aboriginals are also apart of Canada. Canada and Aboriginals try to work together and share in prosperity, yet still a great amount remains uneducated, homeless, unemployed and some need social training. This creates conflict with the fact that they are trying to find immigrants who need jobs, and are providing them with job opportunities if they have the certain skills. Aboriginals are worried that Canada is more focused on immigrants then the people who lived here first. All this creates obstacles in the First Nations fully participating in Canada’s economy. Another great factor that plays a role in influencing Canada’s immigration policies is security. In 1976, the guidelines for the security part of immigration did not have that many rules, you just could not be a spy before you came to Canada, or not be suspected of participating in any espionage while in Canada. Now that the times have changed, and many world issues including terrorists have come about, in 2002 they changed the policies to include many security guidelines that include things such as, being a danger to Canadian security, or engaging in terrorism. These security issues have definitely been a factor in influencing the policies for immigration here in Canada. ’ Health is a factor that also influences how Canada changes their immigration policies. Since some immigrants live in countries where certain diseases there, are eradicated in Canada they had to make sure that no immigrants can bring over diseases. This has an influences on Canadian health immigration policies so that they can make sure no diseases can outbreak in Canada that can harm citizens. World Issues and Canadian Immigration As I said in the paragraph about how security influences Canadian Immigration policies, well world issues such as terrorism, violence, and espionage have changed the policies so that Canada can be sure that no people, economic, refugee or family can possibly be a danger to the security of Canada. The Singh decision is also a demonstration of how Canada changed it’s policies so that Canada could be a better place for immigrants. Satnam Singh was a guy who tried to come to Canada from India, claiming refugee status. He was denied under the immigration act of 1976. The Supreme Court, found that this violated section 7 of the charter of rights and freedoms, and that he had the right to a proper and unbiased hearing, and to receive justice, life, liberty and security as long as he was on Canadian soil. This made it so that all people claiming refugee status in Canada had the right to a hearing. This is one of the ways we have shaped our policies for world issues. Since the Singh decision in the 1980’s, this has affected many people claiming refugee status because of war, poverty, population growth, and natural disasters. This allows them to come to Canada and maybe be eligible to seek refuge here. Impacts on the Aboriginals Canadian immigration has a large impact on Aboriginals because they are worried that the Canadian government cares more about immigrants then they do about the First Nations. As I said before, because so many First Nations are homeless, unemployed, and uneducated they cannot always play a proper role in Canadian economy. The Canadian government though will spend money on providing food and other accommodations for refugees who aren’t even living in Canada officially yet. You can see how this impacts the First Nations, like in the Attawapiskat where hundreds are homeless. Yet, in 2005 AFN created the Assembly of First Nations, resolution no, 49. Saying that all immigration should freeze until they solve the issues with the First Nations and there â€Å"third world problems†. The Provinces and Immigration Provinces mostly only have a small little bit of control over immigration, the most provinces can do is use the Provincial Nomination Program, where they can control the percentage of immigrants that goes to that province with certain skills. Although, this does not mean that they can control who goes where, it just increases the likelihood they will move there. Problems that occur when immigrating Since we did our â€Å"Your story is my story† project, it has opened up and showed me a lot of the problems that can happen when immigrating. When people immigrate to Canada, many times they need to re-do their education, even if they acquired education in their countries. My â€Å"Your story is my story† girl, Tatiana, also had to re-take her courses in Canada, and not only the courses she took before (Nursing) but also English. Many immigrants with Ph. D’s and M. D’s end up working as taxi drivers or janitors because their qualifications are not recognized. This seems to be one of the biggest issues when immigrating to Canada. Another problem that seems to occur is of course the language barrier. Under our immigration laws, immigrants must be able to read and write either English and/or French at a functional level. Yet, many of the immigrants moving here today seem to only know very little English or French at all. That is also why a majority turns to menial jobs. A problem that occurred a little bit ago was that in Herouxville they created a code of life in which they targeted Muslim immigrants. Although they did not particularly say that, they banned wearing anything like a mask or on your head unless it was Halloween. This seemed to offend many Muslim immigrants when coming to Canada, because they said the headdresses they where are apart of their religion and culture. This was a controversial subject, but the code of life did end up being changed. A similar incident to this was when a NDP attorney general Marion Boyd, wanted to introduce Sharia’s Law in Canada, for all Muslims who move and live here. Sharia’s Law is he moral code and religious law of Islam. Sharia’s law includes laws such as â€Å"If a women in your household disgraces your family, you are allowed to honor kill them. † There are other laws in Sharia’s laws that are like this. Homa Arjomand, a Muslim protester against Sharia’s law said, â€Å"We will not tolerate the interference of religion in our justice system. † This whole situation was controversial to Canada’s rights and freedoms and our values. So do Canadian immigration policies align with Canadian values while responding to current issues surrounding immigration? No, I believe that our policies do not align with our values surrounding the current issues in immigration. As you can see from the evidence I have pointed out, there are many controversial issues that occur when it comes to immigrants’ religion. I think our policies need to be altered even more so that, immigrants don’t need to retake years of university or high school to become re-qualified for jobs they were already doing in their home countries, because they’re not recognized here. The language barrier should be one of the most important things when immigrants come to Canada. Immigrants must know how to speak either of our official languages otherwise how do we expect them to live here and understand what’s going on in Canada. I also think that although this is Canada and we accept many different cultures and religions, we will make it clear that we do not accept things like honor killings or as the NDP attorney general was trying to introduce, Sharia’s law. This is not racist or discriminative this is going by what we have in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Also, I believe that another current issue that does not align with Canadian values or policies is the problem with the First Nations such as the problem in Attawapiskat. All these things lead up to the conclusion that these definitely do not align with either of Canada’s values or policies.

Nora and Medea Essay

Medea, in ‘Medea’, and Nora, in ‘A Doll’s House’, are both women who seem to suffer badly at the hands of their husbands in two male-dominated societies; the former in ancient Greece, the latter in nineteenth century Norway. Each does something important for her husband involving personal sacrifice, for which she expects certain treatment in return, but when this is not forthcoming, how do they react? Do they accept the roles of conventional wives, demure and weak? Or do they rebel and behave unconventionally? Medea’s culture dictated that women had almost no rights, and were regarded as little more than possessions: â€Å"we have to buy a husband [and] what we buy is someone to lord it over our body.† Although Nora’s culture allowed women more rights, they were still forbidden certain privileges; for example, â€Å"a wife can’t borrow without her husband’s consent.† This shows the male dominated societies the two women lived in, and the inferior role the wife was expected to play. Medea was not, however, quite the conventional female of her culture for she is described as, â€Å"a lioness, not human, wilder than Tyrrhenian Scylla.† Her use of masculine language – â€Å"I would rather fight three times,† – suggests she is almost male despite being a ‘model’ wife of her time: â€Å"I have borne you sons.† Nora also acts unconventionally for her era, â€Å"[borrowing] without her husband’s consent,† but is still a stereotypical wife in a sense, playing with her children and being her husband’s inferior, a ‘featherbrain’ and ‘skylark’. The sacrifices made by Medea for her husband Jason are considered â€Å"evil arts† in her society, and cause her banishment. It is interesting to note that Medea made those sacrifices because her heart was, â€Å"smitten with love for Jason.† She even lists them to Jason: â€Å"it was I who killed the sleepless serpent . . . . I betrayed my father and my home. . . . I killed King Pelias.† The severity of her sacrifice would be great in any culture, but to be stateless represented a death sentence in the Ancient Greek world. It is discernable from the above that Medea’s sacrifices were to protect Jason’s life and destroy his enemies, which mirrors the society they lived in, as it revolved around war and violence. Nora’s sacrifices seem mediocre in comparison to Medea’s, since they do not involve murder. â€Å"It was I who saved Torvald’s life,† is a simple statement, which gives the audience Nora’s motive for borrowing the money. Throughout the play, it is obvious that Nora loves Torvald, as she says, â€Å"if anything as horrid as that were to happen,† when Torvald jests about his demise. Nora borrowed the money to enable Torvald to go to Italy to recover his health, but she obviously did not wish to worry him: â€Å"[she] told him how nice it would be to have a holiday.† Nora accepted the roll of the ‘skylark’, even though it was demeaning, to hide the truth from Torvald. This reflects her society too, because keeping up middle class appearances was essential. After all the sacrifices made by Medea, and when she has come â€Å"to live . . . with her husband,† Jason refuses to acknowledge anything she has done for him, and claims, â€Å"that [his] only guardian on [his] travels . . . was Aphrodite, she alone.† In this sense, Jason expects Medea to be a ‘sacrificial lamb’ in their marriage, and to do his bidding without a thought of decent treatment or appreciation from him. He also becomes, â€Å"the traitor who has betrayed her bed,† by his marriage to the princess. He twists the facts of their lives to create the illusion that Medea is unjust in her expectations of him, and even goes so far as to say that it is for her own good: † I did it to safeguard you.† Furthermore, after Medea’s heart is broken, she is dealt a cruel blow when Creon tells her, â€Å"take your two sons and go, into exile.† Because of her love for Jason, and the sacrifices she has made for him, she is hated and feared by men; as she says, â€Å"I am alone and stateless.† Medea’s path seems to make her a ‘sacrificial lamb’ for Jason, since her situation is so hopeless: â€Å"plundered from a barbarian land, I have no mother, brother†¦ â€Å" In Nora’s case, when Torvald finds out about the borrowed money, he does not appreciate what she has done for him either, and does not reassure her as she anticipated. He overwhelms her with his reaction, not even allowing her to speak: â€Å"you wretched woman what have you done?† He insults her by saying she has, â€Å"no religion, no morality, no sense of duty.† This is ironic  because it is her love and ‘sense of duty’ that compelled her to break the law and borrow money in order to save his life. He rages at her, forcing her to see the reality that he only cares about himself: â€Å"you wrecked my happiness†¦my future.† He even asks her, â€Å"do you realize what you have done to me?† When Krogstad returns the bond, Torvald displays his selfishness further, and shocks Nora by declaring, â€Å"I’m saved!† But he then insults her and demeans her position by asserting that Nora’s ‘feminine helplessness’ made her, â€Å"twice as attractive to him.† Throughout this whole event Torvald exhibits his true self to Nora, astounding her by being a manifestation of selfishness and cowardice. Nora had expected him to be willing to sacrifice himself for her, as she had been willing to do for him. The harsh reality, however, was that Torvald was fully intending to sacrifice her to save himself. Therefore, Medea and Nora both expect a certain treatment from their husbands, which they do not get. In Medea’s case, Jason knew of her sacrifices, and refused to acknowledge them. Torvald did not know what Nora had done for him, but when the time came, he failed her in his reaction. In this, it is obvious that Torvald and Jason are very similar. Both wish to benefit from their wives’ sacrifices and refuse to commend them for their evident love. Their selfishness reflects the fact that in their respective societies the men expected their wives to do their bidding. Jason is typically male in his reaction, accusing Medea of being sex-crazed. Torvald, likewise, is the typically middle class husband concerned only with his own position, not his wife’s. Both Nora and Medea, after realizing the true characters of their husbands, seem blatantly to refuse to accept their roles as conventional victims of male dominance, and react in their own ways. They behave against what was expected of them. Medea’s reaction is not as astounding for an audience as Nora’s in my opinion, because Medea has a degree of blood lust and vengefulness about her, whereas Nora had been behaving like a ‘good’ wife  throughout the whole play, so her reaction is more powerful. Because of Medea’s character, she is, in my opinion, expected to take revenge on her husband: â€Å"let no one think me weak†¦ I am made of different stuff.† Nora does the exact opposite. She does not leave Torvald as an act of revenge, but does this for herself, as an act of self-discovery. This may again be linked to the societies the two women lived in. Medea’s culture was very violent and warlike, almost primitive, whereas Nora’s culture was not at all violent, and offered more opportunity for her to break free. Medea declares that she will, â€Å"triumph over [her] enemies,† and murders Creon and his daughter. The use of the words ‘triumph’ and ‘enemies’ is rather sinister imagery, which reinforces her vengeful spirit and masculine language. The two murders come as no surprise as that has been Medea’s method of treating her enemies. Her second bout of revenge truly shocks readers, for infanticide is completely against maternal principles. She is willing to sacrifice her own sons to torture Jason, as she coldly decides that, â€Å"Jason will never see alive again the sons he had by me.† Nora’s reaction is more modern and feminist, as she resolves that her most sacred duty is the, â€Å"duty to [herself].† She simply informs Torvald that she is leaving him and her children. Though this may not be so controversial today (at least in the West), in Nora’s culture, the family’s reputation would suffer greatly, and her own reputation would be almost certainly lost. Through the sacrifices the two characters willingly make for their husbands, whom they love, the two women act conventionally. After they see their husbands in their true lights, they each react in their own unconventional ways, and refuse to play the role of victim often given to women. In this, at least, they revolt totally against the stereotypes enforced by their respective patriarchal societies two thousand years apart, and behave similarly to women in more modern egalitarian societies.

Relation between Economics and Law Essay

The study of Law without the knowledge of other related social sciences i.e., Political theory, Sociology and Economics, etc, is incomplete. In any law curriculum the study of Economics and Law and their interaction is increasingly found necessary. As Law influence Economics, Economics also influence Law. As a matter of fact Economics forms the basis of the study of Law. Economics reflects the socio-economic ethos of the country in particular and world in general. It becomes out of date and misleading if the Economic ethos change. But it was proved to be wrong by Dalton. The organisation, industrial structure and performance have changed in the thirty years. E.g.: policy goals, policy instrument, Economic institutions. Economics derives its aims and objectives from the study of man and must derive at least a large part of its methodology from a study of Nature. Legal Economics is a vital part in understanding the interactional dimension of Law and Economics, i.e., how modern Economics can be used to illuminate a number of legal problems. It is not sufficiently realised that the economic analysis can aid our understanding of the Law and how economic factors limit and shape the operation of crime control and legal systems. Economic considerations have varied and widespread effects on the costs and benefits that prospective offenders may expect from crime, on decisions to litigate or to settle out to court, on the significance of legal costs the practical problems of legal administration and the provision of legal services. Law and legal policy help to determine the behaviour of the economy. There are extensive legal constraints on the allocation and the distribution of resources and on labour and hou sing markets. The social functions of Law are broadly classified into three: (1) Encouraging good behaviour and discouraging bad behaviour. (2) Facilitating the people to transactions among themselves in organised legal system. (3) Distributing and re-distributing goods and services to the people. Law normally enters the scene in two guises; as public law, and as private law. The range extent of state intervention depends on the socio-economic ethos of each country. Western countries for a long time believed in laissez faire position, i.e. State interference in the economy will lead to misallocation of resources, economic inefficiency and a net wealth loss. Areas of law such as contact, tort and consumer protection legislations have obvious effects on financial dealings. In this changing scenario, there is need for guidance on the economic policy decisions by the legislature and courts which are increasingly involved with policy questions. Policy making courts need a behavioural theory of predict responses to change in Law and to evaluate these responses systematically according to normative standard. Ours is a market-oriented economy based on private enterprise. This implies two conditions- first, that all property can be privately owned and second, that people are economically free, i.e. subject to obedience to the law, they are free to use their time and means as they like. This is however, subject to the laws and regulations made by the society for the general good, otherwise it will lead to social cost. The classical economists, such as Adam Smith and his followers Marshall, Ricardo, Marthus, etc, believed that in a market economy perfect competition operates and through price mechanism (invisible hand) supply and demand of goods and services will reach equilibrium. Therefore, any interference in the market mechanism by the State will lead to economic waste and result in the economic inefficiency. Perfect competition operates only if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) Too many buyers and sellers,. They are price-takers and not price-givers; (2) Full knowledge of the products transacted in the market; (3) Homogeneity of products (product differentiation is not possible); and (4) Nil or negligible transaction costs. However, due to rapid economic development after the Industrial Revolution, the conditions mentioned above did not operate resulting in World Depression and complete collapse of the market system (in 1930’s). In these circumstances, J.M. Keynes, a well known economist propounded a new theory. He said the invisible hand relied upon by classical economists had developed arthritis and the visible hand of the Government was needed to correct the malady. He, therefore, advocated limited State intervention to correct the defects in the market mechanism so that the market operations can be revived and equilibrium achieved. He had faith in the market oriented economy. Later it was realised by the welfare and the third world economists that limited State intervention will not work and full intervention is necessary for the following reasons: (1) Steady increase in the divergence between private goods and social goods, i.e., economic development results in rapid industrialisation which in turn increases the tempo of urbanisation. (2) Rise of monopolies lead to distortion of the price system in the market economy through manipulation of supply of products and selling standard products, etc. (3) Rise of advertisement and propaganda (4) Steady increase in the divergence between private cost and social cost. Therefore, the introduction of a number of laws to protect environmental pollution (air, water and sound) has become necessary. The second feature of the market economy is the protection of property. Possession and ownership of property has been justified in economic theory because it is productive and contributes to economic growth. Propery rights are one of the incentives for efficient resource use. If there are no property rights, only common  rights, then economic behaviour takes a new form. Due to technological revolution and growth, the intangible, aspects of property surfaced and they had to be protected for economic development. Therefore, the definition of property has been widened to include not only physical property but also the intellectual property (i.e. goodwill, patents, copyright, etc). This wider definition of the property is attractive to economists and predates modern work on Demand Theory which in fact focuses on the characteristics of a ‘goods’ rather than the ‘goods’ it. The third feature of the market economy is contract. Under the classical concepts, contract between the two parties are binding and no third party can interfere. This, of course is subject to the exceptions provided in the Contract Act (i.e. contact by minors, lunatics, idiots, etc. Contracts obtained by fraud, coercion, undue influence are all void contacts). In India the sanctity of contract has been given go-by. The Supreme Court in many cases held that court can interfere in the contractual relations. For e.g., Justice Hidayatullah held that: â€Å"Social justice is not based on contractual relations and is not to be enforced on the principles of contract of service. It is something outside these principles, and is invoked to do justice without a contract to back it.† The right to personal security under the welfare State has been given more social interpretation which includes: (1) the right of the worker to be protected against the risk of sickness, unemployment and old age, (2) his right to be protected by social insurance, and (3) His right to enjoy the necessary services of Government loosely called ‘Social Services’. Another area in contract law which made inroads in the concept of ‘sanctity of contract’ is consumer protection law inasmuch as changed role in freedom of contact is viewed as one of the foundations of a well organised society. Broadly, there are four reasons for the use of consumer protection laws: (1) The doctrine of ‘caveat emptor’ does not make sense in the modern world since information is asymmetrically distributed. (2) The free market system does not lead to optional use of resources. (3) The value judgement implicit in the â€Å"devil take the hindmost† attitude to the parting of money from a fool is now much less widely held. The economic consequences of consumer protection laws are- the legislation produces a different outcome with respect to resource allocation, prices and income distribution to that which would otherwise occur, and it results in the companies’ devoting more resources to quality control or even withdraw from some markets resulting in higher market prices and different resource allocation. INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF LAW AND ECONOMICS The marrying of Economics and Law is not new. According to Posner, much of the common law can be explained in economic terms and all branches of common and statue law has been examined in the light of this theory. Empirical research has proved that law has developed according to the economic structure of the country. Economic analysis is part and parcel of several law courses. Besides, there are many courses directly on Economics and Law (Legal Economics). At present it is probably fair to say that most lawyers find it quite difficult to see how they can make use of or even sense of such of the work done by economists on law†¦ however, there are increasing signs of legal writers taking explicit account of economic arguments. There remains however considerable scope for further work on bridging the gaps between the disciplines. The high flown values that legal principles express are examined by legal economists in the light of their efficiency and their social effect and not just their self defined moral content. WHAT IS LAW? : In layman’s language law is the definition and enforcement of ‘social norms’. WHY LAW? : To maintain ‘socio-economic equilibrium’ in the society. If viewed in the static sense, then the preservation of the existing rights in the society is the purpose of the law. That is why positive law defines and defends existing rights in the society. There are three models followed by the non communist countries, i.e. (1) Pure capitalist model in a market economy where the State plays no role and market forces decide how the market operates (2) Mixed Economy model with capitalist orientation, where state plays a minor role, corrects failures in the market operations and leaves the rest to the market forces, and (3) Mixed economy with socialist orientation, where the State plays a major role, i.e., interferes in the market operations not only to correct market failures but also to social justice, not because states are richer, but people have a different concept and expectations from the State. The economic analysis of law is concerned with ‘efficiency’, i.e. rational allocation of scarce resources with lest cost to attain maximum satisfaction. In law, people are concerned with justice only and not about its cost. If there is conflict between efficiency and justice, the nature of trade-offs can be illuminated by economic analysis and since the attainment of justice involves the use of resources, the economic approach can contribute to normative discussions by providing information on the costs of justice. Use of Economics does not predict the impact of law, but to describe and explain the law-to provide it with an economic rationale. The third important feature of economic analysis of law is the resurgence of  Neo-Institutional Approach by making not the transaction, the basic unit of analysis. THE BROAD CHARACTERISTICS OF NEO-INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH (NIA) ARE: (1) It is Taxonomical. It lists a set of economically relevant categories that are useful for examining the law; (2) It is more micro-analytical. It focuses on the details of the environment in which the transaction takes place and suggests an empirical approach that requires the collection and compilation of relevant data; (3) It rejects market equilibrium analysis and instead places emphasis on the adaptation to disequilibrium; and (4) It investigates specifically institutional phenomena and uses these to develop conceptual categories. Our Constitution works on an economic system and not in vacuum. Ours is a market oriented economy where efficiency is the sole criterion and it has no place for a non economic input like social justice. Thus, there is a conflict between equality and efficiency. In a market economy where efficiency is the sole criterion, law plays a vital role in determining the efficiency of the economic activity it regulates. A law is ‘good’ if it guarantees and promotes economic efficiency and ‘bad’ if it impedes or disrupts it. The common criticism levelled against this approach is that by concentrating only on efficiency, it ignores justice in the sense that market system by encouraging efficiency, tolerates inequality of income and wealth resulting in unequal distribution of economic opportunity, thus violating the core objectives of our Constitution. However, there is a second meaning of justice i.e. in a world of scarce resources, waste or misuse of resources is considered as immoral and good law can prevent the misuse of resources and achieve efficiency and justice. In this approach, both are complementary. As Posner observes, ‘the demand for justice is not independent of its price’. A major contribution of economics is the framework that it gives the lawyer systematically to evaluate legal policy, reveal important trade-offs and interrelationships between legal goals and trace through the probable effects, costs and benefits of different laws. The economic approach not only provides an integrated treatment of the side effects but been responsible for drawing attention to the more subtle and hitherto unrecognised effects. Another contribution of economic analysis of law is that it treats legal rules as a system of incentives and disincentives which influences the actions of potential litigants. The law is seen as guiding the behaviour of groups or individuals and on the assumption of economic rationality the economic model is able to predict the direction of the response. Thus the economists tend to focus on the general effects of law such as the impact on trading behaviour of different contract remedies. This emphasis differs significantly from the way most lawyers are accustomed with grievances and of resolving individual disputes peacefully, fairly and consistently with legal doctrine. Law has also influenced socio-economic policies. â€Å"Laws and legal policy help to determine behaviour of the economy. In this context, Prof Barker observes that, â€Å"If Economic factors and economic interests have partly determined the legal framework, it is even more true that law has furnished the whole general framework of rules within which and under which the factors and interests of economics have had to work†. Legal Reform Legislations, Trust Law, Abolition of Bonded Labour (Art 23(1) of the Constitution), etc. are classical examples of how law has influenced the economic behaviour in the market economy. Legal constraints on the allocation and distribution of resources and on labour and housing markets which affect the economic activities in the market. These aspects have become vital in the globalisation of the economy and revival of the markets with privatisation as the focal point. Prof Paul Burrow said that, â€Å"Economics and Law can provide insights in places where traditional legal analysis fails to penetrate†. It is essentially nature of the two disciplines that makes us optimistic that collaboration between lawyers and economists will be increasingly fruitful in the future. TORT LAW The first topic of our study on the Economic Analysis of Law will be Tort Law because torts were one of the first bodies of Common Law to which formal economic models were applied. The broad features of tort law are: (1) It deals with civil offences only, i.e. trespass, nuisance, defamation, economic loss, etc. (2) it is judge-made law and therefore is flexible (unlike criminal law) (3) Tort Law aims at compensation as opposed to criminal prosecution which aims at punishment. There are three elements in torts: (a) Breach of duty owned to the plaintiff by the defendant; (b) Harm suffered by the plaintiff; and (c) The breach being the immediate or proximate cause of the harm. Breach of duty must give rise to measurable damages, valued in terms of money or moneys’ worth. The four possible bases of the action for damages are: (a) Appeasement; (b) Justice; (c) Deterrence; and (d) Compensation. (1) APPEASEMENT: The objectives of both tort and criminal laws are to encourage good behaviour and discourage bad behaviour. The victim receives money as appeasement and he is pleased that aggressor is discomfited by being made to pay. By this means, the victim is induced to let off stream ‘within the law rather than outside it’. (2) JUSTICE: two variants of this theory are: (a) The principle of Ethical Retribution: the pavement of compensation is an evil for the offender and that justice requires that he should suffer this evil. (b) The Principle of Ethical Compensation: this looks from the point of the victim. The payment of compensation is a benefit to the victim of the wrong and justice requires that he should receive compensation. (3) DETERRANCE: the action in tort is a â€Å"judicial parable† designed to control the future conduct of the community in general. According to Austin, the proximate end of evil action is redress to the injured party; but its remote and paramount end is the same as that of the criminal sanction, the presentation of the offences generally. (4) COMPENSATION: Compensatory or reparative theory demands that one who has caused injury to another must make good the damage whether he was at fault or not. It justifies strict liability. Be that as it may, we are concerned as students of Legal Economics with economic efficiency objectives of tort law. Before that we will discuss briefly the legal objectives of tort. Holmes and later others are of the opinion that tort law has no interests in shifting the loss from the victim of an accident to others unless this serves some special objective, ranging from vindication, preserving the peace by ‘buying off’ the victims, desire  to retaliate, ethical retribution, compensation and deterrence the connected question is whether Common Law imposes liability for failure to resume. This concept has been rejected as not practicable since it is difficult to set limits of social interference with individual liberty. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY: it is not concerned with morality or social purpose, etc, as in legal objectives of tort liability. It requires the minimisation of three costs: (a) The losses due to accidents; (b) The cost of preventing the accidents; and (c) The costs of administering a system of accidental law. In the light of the above discussion, we can safely conclude that the Tort Law, in India, is out of date, costly and reliefs meagre. As a result, it is economically inefficient, apart from special injustice caused to many of the victims of civil offences. CONTRACT LAW In a market oriented economy, the core concepts are property and contacts. These are basically, economic concepts, but law regulates them, contracts are devices for facilitating trade and economising costs of making transactions. By trading in promises for future delivery, traders can reduce uncertainty about the future. This requires adequate legal safeguards so that both the parties to the contract are secure and pan their activities accordingly.